Which empire did the moroccans overpower

The Mali Empire : The Mali Empire was the largest in West Africa, and profoundly influenced the culture of the region through the spread of its language, laws, and customs along lands adjacent to the Niger River, as well as other areas consisting of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces. The Battle of Tondibi was the decisive confrontation in the 16th-century invasion of the Songhai Empire by the army of the Saadi dynasty in Morocco.

Travel and trade in Songhai Trade significantly influenced the course of history in West Africa. The wealth made through trade was used to build larger kingdoms and empires. To protect their trade interests, these kingdoms built strong armies. Songhai took control of the trading empire. The decline was caused by the death of mansa Musa, beber nomads attacking trade routes and Sangha stoping taxes being paid and declaring independence.

Songhai became independent of Mali, and rivalled it as the leading power in West Africa. The Songhai had settled on both banks of the middle Niger River. They established a state in the 15th century, which unified a large part of the western Sudan and developed into a brilliant civilisation.

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Ok Close. The Makhzen was Morocco's first real centralized government system of administration and taxation, but was only enforceable in the urban centers under Merenid control and only then by an army of Arab and Christian mercenaries. The Merenids ruled from Fes el Jdid, an extension of the original city, Fes el Bali, and to perhaps appease the popular orthodox faith of the time, constructed many of the mosques and medersas, or Islamic colleges, that still dominate the Fes medina today.

However, the Merenids and their successors, the Wattasids, were quite unable to deal with their external problems. Their Spanish territories, including the last great Moorish city of Granada, were lost during their reign, and in , the Portuguese occupied the port of Ceuta on the Moroccan side of the Straits of Gibraltar. This marked not only an important shift of power between Muslims and Christians in the western Mediterranean, but also the beginning of western European expansion into the wider world.

Between and , the Portuguese occupied the greater part of the Moroccan coast, including modern-day Tangier, Asilah, Essaouira, and Agadir. The Portuguese set up trading posts along a great deal of Africa's northern Atlantic coastline, and this greatly affected Morocco's Saharan trade routes. Although the caravans from West Africa through the central and eastern Maghreb to the Middle East continued to flourish, Morocco's position as the middle man between Africa's west and Europe became increasingly redundant.

They were the first Arabic dynasty to rule over Morocco since the Idrissids back in the 8th century, although they suffered the same dramatic rise and fall from power as the previous Berber dynasties. They built themselves a capital in Taroudannt before claiming Marrakech in At this stage, the Wattasids were still governing some parts of northern Morocco from their stronghold in Fes, but there was widespread revolt in protest to the addition of Ottoman Turks to their Arab and Christian tax-collecting armies.

The sultan had eyes for a larger stage than most previous rulers, and established close commercial and diplomatic ties with Elizabeth of England, who realized his value as an ally against Spain. He also sent an army across the desert and overpowered the mighty West African empire of Songhai, founding a Moroccan protectorate on the banks of the Niger River in the process that sent back so much gold that "the Victorious" was bestowed another title, el Dhabi, "the Golden," by his thankful subjects.

Upon el Mansour's death in , none of his three sons could deliver the same leadership as their father, and Morocco plunged into familiar chaos and anarchy. At the same time, Catholic Spain was pursuing a vigorous purge of all non-Catholics, and waves of Jewish and Muslim refugees arrived on Morocco's shores, only adding to the general lawlessness sweeping the country.

Their pirate state added a distinct Andalusian touch to the medina and kasbah of Rabat that is still evident today. Law and order was restored to Morocco in the s by the Alaouites, who came from the Tafilalt town of Rissani, near the Saharan dunes of Merzouga. It was their second sultan, Moulay Ismail, who was to become Morocco's longest-serving ruler -- and one of its most notorious.

Sultan from to , Moulay Ismail was a ruthless leader who demanded loyalty and service from his subjects and kept a tight hold on the country via a standing army of some , black troops, many of whom were enslaved from military expeditions that took the Moroccans as far south as Senegal. He is remembered today as one of the country's preeminent leaders whose imperial city of Meknes was intended to be the equal of Versailles.

His reign also saw the construction of roads and schools, and such was his reputation in Europe that even though the country spiraled into anarchy after his death, it wasn't until years later that the European colonial powers considered invading Morocco again.

Up until , Morocco had been relatively successful in keeping the West at bay. At the time, there were fewer than Europeans in Morocco compared with 12, in Tunis and more than , in Algeria. Moulay Slimane, Alaouite sultan of Morocco from to , was a devout orthodox Muslim and extolled a particularly xenophobic style of rule that forbade his subjects from leaving the country, confined all Europeans to Tangier and Mogador Essaouira , and generally imposed stringent restrictions on all commercial relations with the Western Christian world.

All of this only served to leave Morocco ill placed to deal with a European presence that was starting to be felt throughout Africa. At the same time, the French invasion of Algeria in handed Morocco a powerful and dangerous neighbor, and in the Moroccans found themselves fighting the French in a brief war. In , the Spanish army invaded Morocco in response to constant raids on its garrison ports of Ceuta and Melilla and inflicted a series of defeats over Moroccan forces before the Alaouite sultan, Abd er Rahman, signed the Treaty of Tetouan.

Under the treaty, Morocco promised to pay Spain a huge indemnity for the raids. To pay this, the sultan had to raise a loan in London on the security of the Moroccan Customs revenue and hand over control of this to foreign commissioners. Consequently, from the s there was a rapid expansion of European influence in Morocco. Moulay al Hassan was the last great Moroccan sultan before the French occupation.

His reign was virtually a continual campaign to satisfy those in the bled el makhzen and extend his power into the bled el siba, "the unfriendly country. Al Hassan's determination to govern the bled el siba -- something that had not been achieved since the 17th century -- arose from trying to make certain that no ungoverned groups existed that could cause frontier incidents such as the previous disastrous confrontations with the French and Spanish.

The fact that Morocco was able to keep its independence until -- considering France had occupied Algeria since and declared Tunisia a French protectorate in -- is a tribute to his enterprise and skill. By , with the vast majority of Africa under European rule, the still technically independent nation of Morocco was the subject of intense negotiations among a number of European players.

In the Conference of Algeciras and with Morocco on the verge of bankruptcy, France and Spain became the designated European interests in the country. In , with his capital Fes surrounded by rebellious tribes and his country bankrupt, Sultan Moulay Hafidh great-uncle of the present king requested French military intervention and ceded control of Morocco. This agreement was ratified the following year on March 30, , with the Treaty of Fes, which formally proclaimed the Sultanate of Morocco as a French protectorate, with its new capital in Rabat.

A separate agreement between France and Spain then divided the country into a vast central French zone with Spanish zones to both its north and south. Morocco by this time was exceptionally poor, having suffered from perennial droughts, outdated agricultural methods, and, above all, difficulties of communication and transport caused by the mountainous interior.

Over the next 40 years, the French zone witnessed more than 43,km 26, miles of road construction, compared to just km miles in the Spanish zone. The French also successfully promoted the new colony to potential settlers, whereas the immigration of Spanish settlers was decidedly less.

The relative success in the French zone was largely due to the character of its first resident-general, Louis Lyautey, who held office for 13 years until Lyautey had already served in Indochina and Madagascar as well as Algeria, and he was determined to preserve the traditional institutions of Maghrebi Islam.

At the same time he had a sure grasp of economic affairs, and the rapid modernization of the Moroccan economy was largely his work.